Human civilization is a global, highly complex system shaped by the biological species Homo sapiens, which has evolved from local bands of hunter-gatherers into a deeply interconnected, information-driven global society of over 8.3 billion people. Originating in Africa around 300,000 years ago, humanity made its first fundamental leap during the Neolithic Revolution roughly 10,000 to 12,000 years ago by transitioning from nomadic foraging to settled agriculture; this shift generated food surplus

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